Genetic variation in serum protein pattern and blood β-hydroxybutyrate and their relationships with udder health traits,protein profile,and cheese-making properties in Holstein cows

The aim of this study was to investigate in Holstein cows the genetic basis of blood serum metabolites [i.e., total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio (A:G), and blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)], a set of milk phenotypes related to udder health, milk quality technological characteristics, and genetic relationships among them. Samples of milk were collected from 498 Holstein cows belonging to 28 herds. All animal welfare and milk phenotypes were assessed using standard analytical methodology. A set of Bayesian univariate and bivariate animal models was implemented via Gibbs sampling, and statistical inference was based on the marginal posterior distributions of parameters of concern. We observed a small additive genetic influence for serum albumin concentrations, moderate heritability (≥0.20) for total proteins, globulins, and A:G, and high heritability (0.37) for blood BHB. Udder health traits (somatic cell score, milk lactose, and milk pH) showed low or moderate heritabilities (0.15–0.20), whereas variations in milk protein fraction concentrations were confirmed as mostly under genetic control (heritability: 0.21–0.71). The moderate and high heritabilities observed for milk coagulation properties and curd firming modeling parameters provided confirmation that genetic background exerts a strong influence on the cheese-making ability of milk, largely due to genetic polymorphisms in the major milk protein genes. Blood BHB showed strong negative genetic correlations with globulins (?0.619) but positive correlations with serum albumin (0.629) and A:G (0.717), which suggests that alterations in the serum protein pattern and BHB blood levels are likely to be genetically related. Strong relationships were found between albumin and fat percentages (?0.894), between globulin and α_S2-CN (?0.610), and, to a lesser extent, between serum protein pattern and milk technological characteristics. Genetic relationships between blood BHB and traits related to udder health and milk quality and technological characteristics were mostly weak. This study provides evidence that there is exploitable additive genetic variation for traits related to animal health and welfare and throws light on the shared genetic basis of these traits and the phenotypes related to the quality and cheese-making ability of milk.     

β2肾上腺素受体基因的改造及在无细胞合成体系中的表达

依据大肠杆菌密码子偏好性,设计合成β2肾上腺素受体（β2 adrenergic receptor,β2AR）基因序列,应用大肠杆菌无细胞系统对其进行高效表达,经负载镍离子的顺磁颗粒MagneHis? Ni-Particles纯化后,对受体蛋白进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和活性鉴定。结果表明：改造后的β2AR基因密码子适应指数（codon adaptation index,CAI）为0.96,GC含量从58%降低到46.17%,更有利于该基因在大肠杆菌系统中的表达。表达体系中优化后的Mg2＋浓度为22?mmol/L,此时表达量为1 250 μg/mL。SDS-PAGE分析显示,纯化蛋白在47?kDa左右出现清晰的特异性条带,与预期结果一致,纯度大于90%。直接酶受体分析检测结果显示,当纯化受体蛋白1∶500稀释包被时,该重组受体与盐酸克伦特罗、沙丁胺醇及莱克多巴胺的酶标记物结合的OD值分别为0.976、0.836和0.728,亲和活性依次降低。β2AR蛋白在无细胞体系中的成功表达,为研发基于受体的β激动剂多残留快速检测技术提供了理论支持。     

β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose concentrations in the blood of dairy calves as influenced by age,vaccination stress,weaning, and starter intake including evaluation of BHB and glucose markers of starter intake

The objective of this research was to determine how blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose are affected by age, time of day, stress, weaning, forced intake restriction, and voluntary starter intake in calves between 1 and 9 wk of age, and to evaluate if either is an acceptable proxy for starter intake. Holstein calves were fed a 27% crude protein, 17% fat milk replacer at 660 g of dry matter daily along with free-choice starter and water. Calves were weaned on d 42. Jugular blood was sampled at 0800, 1200, and 1600 h, and within 5 min of sampling BHB, and glucose concentrations were estimated using test strips (Nova Max Plus meter, Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, MA). Age effects and time of day were estimated by sampling blood weekly (d 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, and 48). To determine vaccination stress, a Pasteurella vaccine was administered after blood sampling at 0800 h on d 36. Effect of voluntary starter intake was tested by selecting calves for low and high intakes (d 35 to 39) and sampling on d 40, 41, 43, and 44. Starter intake restriction was tested by restricting intake in half of the calves and sampling on d 60 and 61. Data were analyzed with repeated measurements in a mixed model procedure with either within-calf effect (day or week) or within-calf effects (hour, and day or week) included in the model. Time of day did not affect blood BHB and glucose in the first 6 wk. Blood BHB was greater in wk 7 versus wk 1 to 6. Blood glucose was greater in the first 5 wk compared with wk 6 and 7. Blood BHB increased and glucose decreased with increasing starter intake. Blood BHB declined due to vaccination, but glucose was unaffected. Starter intake restriction reduced BHB for 3 d and glucose for 2 d after restriction. Both were affected by time of day. Around weaning (d 40 to 44), BHB and glucose increased with increasing starter intake. In this research, neither blood BHB nor glucose was a good proxy for starter intake. Blood BHB was positively and glucose negatively related to starter intake; however, relationships were weak, variable, and affected by time of day, stress, and intake restriction. Over 30% of calves tested ≤0.2 mmol/L BHB when consuming >1,250 g/d of starter, and test strip increments were 0.1 mmol/L, which represented >25% of the mean blood BHB concentration. In this study, neither blood BHB nor glucose was an acceptable proxy for estimating starter intake.     

阳江核电厂外围环境气溶胶总α、总β放射性水平

核电厂周围环境气溶胶的总放射性水平是一项重点关注项目。为掌握阳江核电周围环境气溶胶中总α、总β放射性水平及变化趋势,自2014年1月,对阳江核电厂5 km范围内大澳和允泊的气溶胶总α、总β进行为期三年的采样监测,获得该核电厂5 km范围内气溶胶总α、总β活度浓度范围分别为0.01-0.35 m Bq·m~(-3)、0.05-2.46 m Bq·m~(-3),年均值分别为0.07 m Bq·m~(-3)、0.65 m Bq·m~(-3)。受降雨影响,总α、总β放射性变化有明显的季节特征,总体呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低的特点。监测结果与对照点和本底调查进行比较,总α、总β活度浓度没有明显变化,初步判断阳江核电厂运行安全。     

Extraction yield of isoflavones from soybean cake as affected by solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide

Soybean cake has been shown to be a rich source of isoflavone and can be produced during processing of soybean oil as byproduct. The objectives of this study were to compare the extraction yield of isoflavone from soybean cake by solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide, and study the conversion of isoflavone glucosides to the biologically active aglycone by employing β-glucosidase. Results showed that with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, a maximum yield of malonylglucoside and glucoside was generated at 60 °C and 350 bar, while a high level of acetylglucoside and aglycone was produced at 80 °C and 350 bar. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction resulted in a lower yield of total isoflavone than solvent extraction, but the former was more applicable to extraction of acetylglucoside and aglycone, and the latter to malonylglucoside and glucoside. A peak level of aglycone was attained from conversion of isoflavone glucoside by β-glucosidase at 55 °C, pH 5, concentration 50 U/ml and incubation time of 2 h.     

特殊反应体系中交联β-葡萄糖苷酶聚集体催化合成红景天苷

采用具有较高操作稳定性的交联b-葡萄糖苷酶聚集体,在离子液体-混合有机溶剂-缓冲溶液的非常规反应体系中酶催化直接糖基化合成红景天苷,筛选反应体系的组成和各成分的比例. 结果表明,反应体系的组成为(%, j)：1,4-二氧六环42.5, 离子液体C4MIm×PF6 8.5, 乙酸乙酯34, pH 6.0柠檬酸-磷酸氢二钠缓冲溶液15.0. 该体系在水含量高达15%(j)的条件下水活度为0.66,适合直接糖基化反应. 底物b-D-葡萄糖100 g/L、对羟基苯乙醇200 g/L时,在50℃及250 r/min下反应120 h达到平衡,红景天苷最大浓度可达25.32 g/L.     

Investigation of the effect of air turbulence intensity on NOx emission in non-premixed hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrocarbon composite fuel combustion

In this paper, the effect of air turbulence intensity on NO formation in the combustion of mixed hydrogen-hydrocarbon fuel is numerically studied. The fuels used in this study are 100% H₂, 70% H₂ + 30% CH₄, 10% H₂ + 90% CH₄ and 100% CH₄. Finite volume method is utilized to solve the governing equations. The obtained results using realizable k-ε and β-PDF models show good agreement with other numerical and experimental results. The results show that increasing air turbulence intensity decreases NO concentration in the flame zone and at the combustor outlet. With increasing air turbulence intensity, maximum decreasing of NO at the combustor outlet is for the case of pure hydrogen fuel. It is also found that adding hydrogen to methane rises the peak temperature of the flame.     

响应面法优化产β-内酰胺酶菌Bacillus cereus B03的发酵条件

为快速高效地提高菌株Bacillus cereus B03的产酶能力,采用响应面法对Bacillus cereus B03产β-内酰胺酶的发酵培养基进行优化。首先通过单因素实验研究了不同碳源及浓度、不同氮源及浓度、不同金属离子及浓度、氯化钠、磷酸氢二钾以及温度、pH、接种量、装液量对菌株产酶活力的影响,然后设计Plackett-Burman试验筛选出影响产酶的3个显著性因素:温度、pH、接种量。在此基础上,最后设计Box-Behnken中心组合试验确定最优产酶发酵条件。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基成分为葡萄糖20 g/L、酵母浸粉20 g/L、NaCl 2 g/L、MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.2 g/L,K₂HPO₄·3H₂O 4 g/L,最佳产酶发酵条件为发酵温度37 ℃,pH为7.3,接种量3%,装液量50 mL/250 mL。在此优化条件下,该菌株产β-内酰胺酶的酶活力为113278.7 U/mL,为优化之前酶活(88792.7 U/mL)的1.28倍。本研究为进一步工业化开发利用性状稳定且高产β-内酰胺酶的菌株提供借鉴。     

蒽醌-2-羧酸作为光催化剂催化解聚木质素

木质素是自然界中丰富的可再生芳香碳资源,其解聚得到的单体可以作为重要的化工原料。以蒽醌-2-羧酸作为光催化剂,在硝基苯存在和LED光源照射下,5 h内木质素模型化合物中β-O-4键有80%的转化率。对于木质素β-O-4多聚体,该体系也表现出了光催化活性,将蒽醌-2-羧酸负载在非均相载体上,在光催化降解中也可以获得77%的底物转化率。该反应涉及了木质素β-O-4中C_α—C_β键和C_β—O键的断裂,在催化剂的作用下,首先发生C_α—OH的脱氢,随后经过分子内的断键和重新成键生成苯甲醛和愈创木酚。本研究加深了对光催化木质素氧化过程中C—C键断裂过程的认识,有助于理解木质素的解聚机制。